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50\/50<\/p>\n","answer":"

An immersion program model in which English and the partner language are each used for 50% of instruction at all grade levels.<\/p>\n"},{"tips":{},"text":"

90\/10<\/p>\n","answer":"

An immersion program model in which students are instructed 90% of the time in the partner language and 10% in English in the first year or two, with the amount of English instruction gradually increasing each year until English and the partner language are each used for 50% of instruction (generally by third grade).<\/p>\n"},{"tips":{},"text":"

Academic Language<\/p>\n","answer":"

The knowledge, skills, and cultural proficiencies needed to succeed in an academic program.<\/p>\n"},{"tips":{},"answer":"

A language program that enables students to add a second language to their first, whether they are language minority or language majority students, and demonstrate higher levels of language proficiency, achievement, and self-concept.<\/p>\n","text":"

Additive bilingualism<\/p>\n"},{"tips":{},"text":"

Bicultural<\/p>\n","answer":"

Identifying with the cultures of two different ethnic, national, or language groups. To be bicultural is not necessarily the same as being bilingual; you can even identify with two different language groups without being bilingual.<\/p>\n"},{"tips":{},"text":"

Bilingual Education<\/p>\n","answer":"

An educational program in which two languages are used to provide content matter instruction. Bilingual education programs vary in their length of time, and in the amount each language is used.<\/p>\n"},{"tips":{},"text":"

Biliteracy<\/p>\n","answer":"

The ability to read and write proficiently in two languages. Usually a biliterate has knowledge and skill to read and write in one's home language and in a second language.<\/p>\n"},{"tips":{},"text":"

Bridging<\/p>\n","answer":"

Making intentional cross\u2014linguistic connections.<\/p>\n"},{"tips":{},"text":"

Code-switching<\/p>\n","answer":"

Use by a bilingual person of both languages in conversation, usually in a social context where the mixing of languages is appropriate.<\/p>\n"},{"tips":{},"text":"

Cognates<\/p>\n","answer":"

Words in different languages related to the same root, e.g. education<\/em> (English) and educaci\u00f3n <\/em>(Spanish) and have similar meanings, spellings, and pronunciations.<\/p>\n"},{"tips":{},"text":"

Contrastive analysis<\/p>\n","answer":"

The process in which bilinguals compare and contrast specific areas of their languages.<\/p>\n"},{"tips":{},"text":"

Cross-linguistic transfer<\/p>\n","answer":"

Application of a skill or concept learned in one language to a second language.<\/p>\n"},{"tips":{},"text":"

Developmental Bilingual<\/p>\n","answer":"

A dual language program in which students are primarily native speakers of the partner language.<\/p>\n"},{"tips":{},"text":"

Dominant Language<\/p>\n","answer":"

The dominant language is the language with which a bilingual or multilingual speaker has greatest proficiency and\/or uses more often.<\/p>\n"},{"tips":{},"text":"

Dual Immersion<\/p>\n","answer":"

Used synonymously with dual language, particularly in the Southwestern and Western United States.<\/p>\n"},{"tips":{},"text":"

Dual Language Immersion<\/p>\n","answer":"

Used synonymously with dual language.<\/p>\n"},{"tips":{},"text":"

Dual Language<\/p>\n","answer":"

A program in which the language goals are full bilingualism and biliteracy in English and a partner language, students study language arts and other academic content (math, science, social studies, arts) in both languages over the course of the program, the partner language is used for at least 50% of instruction at all grades, and the program lasts at least 5 years (preferably K-12). CAL and other institutions use this term as an umbrella term that includes two-way immersion, foreign language immersion, heritage language immersion, and developmental bilingual programs. Throughout the U.S., it is frequently used synonymously with two-way immersion.<\/p>\n"},{"tips":{},"text":"

Early Exit Program<\/p>\n","answer":"

See transitional bilingual education.<\/p>\n"},{"tips":{},"text":"

Emergent Bilingual<\/p>\n","answer":"

This term is used to reject the deficit-oriented terminology of ELLs and refers to an ELLs\u2019 potential in developing their bilingualism. Their bilingualism is recognized as a potential resource, both cognitively and socially, instead of as a deficit.<\/p>\n"},{"tips":{},"text":"

English Immersion<\/p>\n","answer":"

A program for English language learners in which the goal is proficiency in oral and written English, in which the native language is not used for instruction.<\/p>\n"},{"tips":{},"text":"

Foreign Language Experience\/Exploratory (FLEX)<\/p>\n","answer":"

A program characterized by frequent sessions over a short period of time or short and\/or infrequent sessions over an extended period of time in order to expose students in Grades K-8 to one or more languages and cultures. Goals are learning about languages, learning basic words and phrases, and\/or developing an interest in foreign language for future study. Some instruction may take place in English.<\/p>\n"},{"tips":{},"text":"

Foreign Language Immersion<\/p>\n","answer":"

A dual language program in which students are primarily native English speakers learning a foreign language.<\/p>\n"},{"tips":{},"text":"

Foreign Language In The Elementary School (FLES)<\/p>\n","answer":"

A foreign language class taught at least 75 minutes per week, in which the goals are to acquire listening, speaking, reading, and writing skills and to gain an understanding of and appreciation for other cultures. The focus of instruction can be on language and\/or subject matter content.<\/p>\n"},{"tips":{},"text":"

Foreign Language<\/p>\n","answer":"

In the U.S., a language other than English. See also world language.<\/p>\n"},{"tips":{},"text":"

Full Immersion<\/p>\n","answer":"

See 90\/10. Term generally used more frequently by foreign language immersion practitioners than two-way or developmental bilingual practitioners.<\/p>\n"},{"tips":{},"text":"

Heritage Language Immersion<\/p>\n","answer":"

A dual language program in which students are primarily English speakers with some proficiency in or a cultural connection to the partner language through family, community, or country of origin.<\/p>\n"},{"tips":{},"text":"

Heritage Language Program<\/p>\n","answer":"

A program that aims to develop proficiency in a language that is spoken by the students\u2019 relatives, ancestors, or community members in which the student may have some level of proficiency. Programs may be school-based or community-based and range from an hour a week to full immersion.<\/p>\n"},{"tips":{},"text":"

Immersion (referring to a program type)<\/p>\n","answer":"

A program in which at least 50% of instruction is in the partner language and, in both English and the partner language, the focus of instruction is on both language and subject content.<\/p>\n"},{"tips":{},"text":"

Immersion (referring to a technique or a method)<\/p>\n","answer":"

A method in which teachers speak in the partner language exclusively during instructional time. May be used in immersion programs or in traditional foreign language classes at any grade level.<\/p>\n"},{"tips":{},"text":"

Language Allocation<\/p>\n","answer":"

Percentage of the instructional day spent in each language in a bilingual or dual-language program.<\/p>\n"},{"tips":{},"text":"

Language Minority<\/p>\n","answer":"

Refers to students from a home in which the family speaks a language other than English<\/p>\n"},{"tips":{},"text":"

Language Majority<\/p>\n","answer":"

Refers to students from a home in which the family primarily speaks English<\/p>\n"},{"tips":{},"text":"

Late Exit Program<\/p>\n","answer":"

A transitional bilingual program in which students receive instruction in the partner language for 4-6 years. May differ from a developmental bilingual program if the amount of instruction in the partner language falls below 50%.<\/p>\n"},{"tips":{},"text":"

Maintenance Bilingual<\/p>\n","answer":"

Provide students with concurrent instruction in English and their primary language throughout their elementary-school years\u2014typically pre-kindergarten through sixth grade\u2014with the goal of developing English fluency and academic literacy in both languages. (Both transitional and maintenance programs include instructional strategies associated with English as a second language).<\/p>\n"},{"tips":{},"text":"

Metalinguistic awareness<\/p>\n","answer":"

The understanding of how language works and how it changes and adapts in different circumstances.<\/p>\n"},{"tips":{},"text":"

Metacultural awareness<\/p>\n","answer":"

The understanding of all the universal concepts that are present in all cultures.<\/p>\n"},{"tips":{},"text":"

Multicultural education<\/p>\n","answer":"

Refers to any form of education or teaching that incorporates the histories, texts, values, beliefs, and perspectives of people from different cultural backgrounds.<\/p>\n"},{"tips":{},"text":"

Newcomer Program<\/p>\n","answer":"

A specially designed program for new immigrants to the U.S. who are English language learners in which students learn in special classes until they can be integrated into the mainstream. Teachers may or may not use the native language for instruction. They are most often found at upper elementary and secondary grade levels.<\/p>\n"},{"tips":{},"text":"

One-way Immersion<\/p>\n","answer":"

Used frequently in the Southwestern United States to refer to developmental bilingual education; also frequently used to refer to foreign language immersion (to contrast it with two-way immersion that enrolls students from two language groups).<\/p>\n"},{"tips":{},"text":"

Partial Immersion<\/p>\n","answer":"

See 50\/50. Term generally used more frequently by foreign language immersion practitioners than two-way or developmental bilingual practitioners.<\/p>\n"},{"tips":{},"text":"

Partner Language<\/p>\n","answer":"

Alternative term for the language other than English that is used for instruction in programs in the United States. Preferred term in dual language, in which both English and the foreign language are \u201ctargets\u201d for developing proficiency.<\/p>\n"},{"tips":{},"text":"

Seal of Biliteracy<\/p>\n","answer":"

The Seal of Biliteracy is an award given by a school, district, or state in recognition of students who have studied and attained proficiency in two or more languages by high school graduation.<\/p>\n"},{"tips":{},"text":"

Sequential bilingual learner<\/p>\n","answer":"

Student who has developed one language and is learning a second language.<\/p>\n"},{"tips":{},"text":"

Simultaneous bilingual learner<\/p>\n","answer":"

Student who has been learning two languages since birth.<\/p>\n"},{"tips":{},"text":"

Side-by-Side Model<\/p>\n","answer":"

A way of distributing languages for instruction in dual language programs in which students are instructed in one room by an English teacher and in another room by a partner language teacher. Students move between the two classrooms for instruction. Teachers generally teach exclusively in one language to two groups of students.<\/p>\n"},{"tips":{},"text":"

Spanish for Native Speakers Program<\/p>\n","answer":"

A program of instruction for native speakers of Spanish that complements foreign language instruction in Spanish for non-native speakers.<\/p>\n"},{"tips":{},"text":"

Subtractive bilingualism<\/p>\n","answer":"

Program which requires language minority students to learn English as quickly as possible and supplant their native language, which is not at all or only minimally developed in the program, typically resulting in lower levels of language proficiency, achievement and self-concept.<\/p>\n"},{"tips":{},"text":"

Target Language<\/p>\n","answer":"

The language other than English that is used for instruction. See partner language.<\/p>\n"},{"tips":{},"text":"

Transitional Bilingual Education<\/p>\n","answer":"

A program for English language learners in which the goal is proficiency in oral and written English. The students\u2019 native language is used for instruction for several years (1-3 is typical) and is gradually phased out in favor of all-English instruction.<\/p>\n"},{"tips":{},"text":"

Two-way Bilingual Immersion<\/p>\n","answer":"

Less common term for two-way immersion.<\/p>\n"},{"tips":{},"text":"

Two-way Immersion (TWI)<\/p>\n","answer":"

A dual language program in which both native English speakers and native speakers of the partner language are enrolled, with neither group making up more than two-thirds of the student population, with the goal of developing bilingual fluency<\/p>\n"},{"tips":{},"text":"

World Language<\/p>\n","answer":"

Increasingly common term for foreign language.<\/p>\n"}],"behaviour":{"enableRetry":true,"disableBackwardsNavigation":false,"scaleTextNotCard":false,"randomCards":false,"maxProficiency":5,"quickProgression":false},"answer":"Turn","next":"Next","prev":"Previous","retry":"Retry","correctAnswer":"I got it right!","incorrectAnswer":"I got it wrong","round":"Round @round","cardsLeft":"Cards left: @number","nextRound":"Proceed to round @round","startOver":"Start over","showSummary":"Next","summary":"Summary","summaryCardsRight":"Cards you got right:","summaryCardsWrong":"Cards you got wrong:","summaryCardsNotShown":"Cards in pool not shown:","summaryOverallScore":"Overall Score","summaryCardsCompleted":"Cards you have completed learning:","summaryCompletedRounds":"Completed rounds:","summaryAllDone":"Well done! You got all @cards cards correct @max times in a row!","progressText":"Card @card of @total","cardFrontLabel":"Card front","cardBackLabel":"Card back","tipButtonLabel":"Show tip","audioNotSupported":"Your browser does not support this audio","confirmStartingOver":{"header":"Start over?","body":"All progress will be lost. Are you sure you want to start over?","cancelLabel":"Cancel","confirmLabel":"Start over"},"title":""}